Title
Earthquake Hazard and Safety Measures

Focus
Lecture aim to teach audience about how earthquake occurs and what type of measures can be taken to mitigate this hazard.

Issues which the lecture addresses
This lecture will explain earthquake phenomenon and lessons we learned from Kashmir 2005 Earthquake, Pakistan and 1995 Hanshinawaji Earthquake, Japan. Further, it will equipped audience for mitigation measures (structural and non-structural) against earthquake hazard. It will be interesting lecture as it will provide comparison of timelines of both disasters one in developed and second in developing country.

Short analysis of the above issues
Earthquake is a disastrous hazard and caused large number of casualties and heavy physical damages. Though, it is natural hazard but we can reduce damages while taking measures like structural and non structural measures. We can learned lessons from previous incidents of earthquake. Most of developing countries could not take measures due to lack of technology and awareness. Though not all the measures need massive public funding. There are methods that can decrease risk of collapse of structure and community and easily adapt. We can built safer communities.

Propositions for addressing the issue
We can decrease risk of earthquake to take measures like
1) Non-structural measures i.e. i) Evacuation Plan – Identification of safer sites in Neighborhoods
ii) Community Training Actions during earthquakes shaking and when Shakes halt
iii) Piling of necessary items like drinking water, dry food items, radio, emergency lights iv) Piling of Relief Items like medicine, food at Government Level v) Training of other departments like medical professionals for mass level medical care, telecommunication, etc. vi) Volunteers Management vii) Training of masons v) Risk transfer

2) Structural measures i.e. i) Basic Technologies to reduce quake damage a) Base isolation b) wrought structure for  earthquake mitigation -wooden ii) amending building bye-laws iii) PP band technology iv) Retrofitting of existing infrastructure

Additional Reading Materials
i) Influences on Local Adoption of Planning Measures for Earthquake Hazard Mitigation, http://www.safetylit.org/citations/index.php?fuseaction=citations.viewdetails&citationIds%5B%5D=citjournalarticle_55824_29
ii) Earthquake Resilience Through Mitigation:
A System Approach, https://www.researchgate.net/profile/William_Petak/publication/228793628_Earthquake_Resilience_through_Mitigation_A_System_Approach/links/0a85e52fb0bcbda8d1000000.pdf
iii)